International J. of Management & Education in Human Development

International J. of Management & Education in Human Development

ISSN: 2775 – 7765

ABSTRACT

This narrative situates Traditional Medicine in the context of Health Care. It highlights the importance of health care as a basic human need, especially during this period of COVID 19 pandemic. Its importance is recognized by Ralph Waldo Emerson who said that the First Wealth is Health, by Abraham Maslow who in his hierarchy of needs puts the physical dimension of every human as the most basic, by Brian Hall whose four phases cites Phase I as human survival, and Dyck and Neubert whose multistream management cites the physical condition of all business stakeholders as one of the nine elements of Wellbeing. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also cited the importance of health in relations with achieving global sustainable development; the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) likewise has focused on health care and it sponsored the training of ASEAN members on Consumer Rights and Health Care. The Western practice of health care has been anchored on scientific, empirical studies and pharmaceutical medicines in health care management. Protocols to combat COVID 19 is dominated by Western medical practices. But traditional medicine/complimentary alternative medicine (TM/CAM) is not mainstream in Western countries. Traditional medicine in China is a case in point; China has had a very long history in medical practice which dates back to the 2900 BCE and it is still practiced today. However, globally TM/CAM is overshadowed by mainstream medical practice of Western countries.

Keywords Health, health care, wellbeing, pharmaceutical medicine, traditional medicine/complimentary alternative medicine, and Western medicine.

INTRODUCTION

With the continuing spread of COVID 19 pandemic and its Delta and Omicron variants that is creating havoc on global wellbeing. We truly realize with Ralph Waldo Emerson (1943) that health is our first wealth, with Abraham Maslow (940) that survival is a primary concern in the hierarchy of needs, with Dyck and Neubert 2012) that wellbeing is more critical than materiality or profit in business management, and with Bryan Hall (c.1991) whose values development in Stage 1 underscores our human safety and security. Western pharmaceutical medicine has been dominating health care management. There is global acceptance on protocols and pharmaceutical medicines to control and irradicate COVID 19. There is minimal and even negligible information on the role of traditional medicine/complimentary alternative medicine (TM/CAM) in combating COVID 19. Literature on TM/CAM as an approach in fighting this pandemic is sporadic and it is not considered standard and acceptable approach to health care management. If ever, those who accept it are using it as supplement to Western medical intervention. This paper presents TM/CAM with a view to increase one’s knowledge and appreciation of this approach to health care with the hope that it serves as an alternative or supplement to pharmaceutical medical intervention in promoting personal health and wellbeing.

II. OBJECTIVES

This study aims to: 1. Discuss health care as a pre-condition of all human activities. 2. Present the impact of health on personal productivity and the national GDP. 3. Provide an understanding of traditional medicine/complimentary alternative medicine (TM/CAM). 4. Explore TM/CAM as an alternative and supplement to Western approach to healthcare. 5. Discuss the reasons why TM/CAM is not readily available to the general public in managing one’s wellbeing. and 6. Show the traditional medicine of China as a case in point to appreciate the benefits of TM/CAM.

III. METHODOLOGY

This dicourse is a qualitative narractive (Marshall & Rossman, 2011) on tractional medicine; the narrative is based on key documents that provide an understanding of the practice of traditional medicine vis-à-vis the popular Western pharmaceutical approach to healthcare in the 21st century. It is heuristic (Moustakas, 1990) because it provides the audience and readers the opportunity to discover for themselves to understand traditional medicine in a world predominantly disposed to accept Western medicince as a scientic and therefore reliable and safe mode of managing one’s wellbeing. It makes sense of the past experiences of traditional medicine experts and practitioners (Smith, 2015; Sela-Smith, 2002) to understand traditional medicineHudtohan, 2005; Gonzalez, Luz, & Tirol, 1984) as an alternative or supplement to Western medicine. The methodology of this study is multi-valuate (Richardson, 2015) because it deals with various disciplines related to economic, social, cultural and political dimensions of healthcare. This is an exploratory discourse (Stebbins, 2011) to study, examine, analyze and investigate the need the value of traditional medicine for human welfare in the 21st century.

IV. DISCUSSION

WHAT IS HEALTHCARE?

The United Nation General Assembly (2012) resolved that “health is a precondition for, an outcome and indicator of all three dimensions of sustainable development; economic, social and environmental.” The resolution state that the goals of sustainable development, local and global, can only be achieved in the absence of a high prevalence of debilitating communicable and non-communicable diseases, and where populations can reach a state of physical, mental and social well-being. Thus, health is of prime and critical importance today in the midst of our experience with COVID 19 pandemic.

The four pillars of well-being are: 1. Sustainable and equitable socio-economic development, 2. Good and responsible governance, 3. Environment sustainability and community and 4. cultural participation. Another scope of wellbeing includes: 1. Aesthetic: beauty, art, poetry. 2. Ecological: natural environment, minimal pollution. 3. Emotional: satisfaction, positive feelings, hope, joy. 4. Individual: personal convenience, one’s own interests. 5. Intellectual: ideas, clear rationale, theory, concepts. 6. Material: Finances, productivity, tangible goods, efficiency. 7. Physical: health, safety, security. 8. Social: community-mindedness, justice, helping others. 9. Spiritual: meaning, interconnectedness, transcendent. (Dyck & Neubert, 2012).

Health refers to a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being (WHO). Health care services refers to any medical or remedial care or service, including supplies delivered in connection with the care or service, that is recognized under state law. Service delivery systems should provide health services to patients, persons, families, communities and populations.

The World Health Organization says that health care service delivery systems include: patient-centered care that is focused on individual care of the patient and it should be people-centered care attention to the health of the communities and their crucial role in shaping health policy and health services. There is an emerging public governance view on new public management which uses a business or market model as standard for measuring government success. It is values centered in promoting common good; emphasis is in creating government processes to facilitate the generation of implementable agreements among a wide-ranging stakeholder. For example, the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint cites the need for training to: promote and protect consumer rights and understand how goods and service promote health competition.

HEALTH AND GDP

Bloom, Canning, and Jennison (2004) aver that health effects and influences GDP per capita. Healthy workers are more productive than workers who are not healthy. One supporting evidence comes from studies on individuals that link investments in health and nutrition of the young to adult wages. Better health also raises per capita income through a number of other channels. One way is by altering decisions about expenditures and savings over the life cycle. The idea of planning for retirement occurs only when mortality rates become low enough for retirement to be a realistic prospect. Rising longevity in developing countries has opened a new incentive for the current generation to save; this has dramatic effects on national saving rates. While this saving boom lasts for only one generation and is offset by the needs of the elderly once population aging occurs, it can substantially boost investment and economic growth rates while it lasts.

Another channel is by encouraging foreign direct investment because investors shun environments where the labor force suffers a heavy disease burden. Endemic diseases can also deny humans access to various resources. Today, in the Philippines, and elsewhere I suppose, COVID 19 has brought havoc to employment and not all organizations can do home-based work. Manufacturing and industrial plants require physical presence. Yet another channel is through boosting education.

Bloom, Canning, and Jennison (2004) continues to say the healthier children have higher rates of school attendance and improved cognitive development, and a longer life span can make investment in education more attractive. Face to face schooling has been postponed for health safety. The initial beneficiaries of health improvements are often the most vulnerable group: children. Lower infant mortality initially creates a “baby boom” cohort and often leads to a subsequent reduction in the birth rate as families choose to have fewer children in the new low-mortality regime. A baby-boom cohort is thus unique and affects the economy profoundly as it enters education, then finds jobs, saves for retirement, and, finally, leaves the labor market. The cohorts before and after a baby boom are much smaller. If better health improves an economy’s productive potential, we would expect good health to go hand in hand with higher steady-state output economies adjust gradually to their steady-state output level over time. In this case, we expect countries that have high levels of health but low levels of income to experience relatively faster economic growth as their income adjusts.

Bloom, Canning, and Jenison (2004) conclude that there is “Evidence from cross-country growth regressions suggests the contribution is large. Indeed, the initial health of a population has been identified as one of the most robust and potent drivers of economic growth—among such well-established influences as the initial level of income per capita (once countries reach their steady-state level of income, growth slows), geographic location, institutional environment, economic policy, initial level of education, and investments in education.”

WHAT IS TRADITIONAL MEDICINE

Traditional medicine/complimentary alternative medicine (TM/CAM) has a long history. It is the sum total of the knowledge, skill, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness. Traditional medicine refers to indigenous or folk medicine comprises of medical aspects of traditional knowledge within various societies.

The World Health Organization (WHO) says, “It is the sum of the knowledge, skills, and practices base on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness.”

TM/CAM has many attractive features due to its accessibility, cultural acceptance in low- and middle-income societies, comparatively low cost and there is less technology involved in the practice. Many use herbal products to treat themselves, often without a health practitioner’s knowledge or advise because of the availability and relatively informed about adverse effects, drug interactions, and how to use herbal medicine safely. Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations and finished herbal products, that contain as active ingredients parts of plants, or other plant materials, or combinations.

It has therapies that are commonly used in developing countries because they are often more widely available and more affordable than conventional pharmaceutical-based therapies. However, in some cases it is connected with cultural and religious belief systems. Traditional healers, like the herbalist (arbolarios in the Philippines) are trusted by members of the community before pre-colonial Spanish period. They were affiliated and considered to be babaylan [women healers] and asugs [mail healers]. (Alcinas, 1668). Today, there are arbolaryos practicing in Philippine country side where Western medical clinics are not available.

TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN CHINA

History of Traditional Chinese Medicine

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is at least 23 centuries old. It aims to prevent or heal disease by maintaining or restoring yinyang balance. China has one of the world’s oldest medical systems. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal remedies are 2,200 years old. The earliest written record of Chinese medicine is the Huangdi neijing (The Yellow Emperor’s Inner Classic) from the 3rd century BCE. That historical account provided the theoretical concepts for TCM which remain the basis of its practice today. Essentially, traditional Chinese healers seek to restore a balance between two complementary forces, yin (passive) and yang (active), which are present in the human body as they are in the universe. According to TCM, a person is healthy when harmony exists between these two forces; illness, results from a breakdown in the equilibrium of yin and yang. (Agustin, n.d.)

The history of Yin Yang is explained by Lao Tzu (B.C.5. He said “道生一，一生二，二生三，三生万物，万物负阴而抱阳，冲气以为和”, “人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”, “天人合一” The first statement of Lao Tzu means that the Tao existed in the universe before our earth came to be and Tao gave birth to Chaos, and gradually Chaos was divided into Yin and Yang. Yang went up to become the sky and Yin went down to become the earth, and then Yin and Yang gave birth to primitive organisms and after that all beings on the earth. All beings contain Yin and Yang which never stop moving, following their own principles to have a new balance continually, and then all creation get the chance to evolve. The second statement soya that human beings learn the principles of Yin and Yang from the earth and sky; then learn the principles of Tao from Yin Yang, and finally learn the principle governing nature and the universe from Tao. (Zhang & Hudtohan, 2021)

The Book of Huang Di Nei Jing (300 BCE) described the Yin as everything that is tangible and material in form while Yang represents everything that is intangible that allows things to function, “阴成形，阳化气”. The theory of Yin and Yang in ancient Chinese philosophy is considered to be the origin of Universe. The interplay of Yin and Yang gave birth to the “myriad of beings”. Thus, the interaction between Yin and Yang also means production and reproduction of the endless variety of life in the universe. And the concept is also used to describe how the polarity or seemingly contradictory forces are intertwined and are interdependent in the natural world. They give rise to each other in return. Although Yin and Yang are opposite, they are dependent on each other to exist. Based on these basic concepts, a complete system of opposites was dialectically elaborated. Everything in the universe from six types of quarks with their corresponding types of antiquarks that have equal magnitude but opposite sign (Carithers & Grannis, 1995) in the universe can be identified with either Yin or Yang aspect and functioned as the theory Yin and Yang.

The Yin and Yang aspects are not identified in isolation but are really a mixture of the two. In the Book of Change, there is a classical principle that says neither Yin nor Yang alone could nurture itself but it is done with mutual generation and promotion. That is, both oppose each other as well as mutually include each other. Both don’t follow the “either-or” but the “both-and” principle. Yin and Yang are interconnected as different, but inseparable sides of the cosmos (Solas & Ayhan, 2007). These two opposing forces may transform each other over time when one polarity goes to the extreme. That is, Yin will eventually become Yang, Yang will eventually become Yin. Whenever Yin and Yang change from each other, keeping balance between them is the critical principle or benchmark, otherwise, the problems will appear.

The theme of harmony, balance and equilibrium between Yin and Yang is fully enthused, constituting a dynamic neutral system for understanding events, which has been influencing Chinese people’s mindset both consciously as well as subconsciously for more than 3000 years. Western people may polarize their views when two apparently contradictory propositions are presented; while Chinese people would be more likely to accept both propositions (Peng & Nisbett, 1999). In the course of Chinese communication, it helped to shape Chinese collective and holistic thinking method. That is, how to find a compromising method to establish the balance between Yin and Yang is the core notion in the problem-solving, decision-making. In health care, the principle of Yin Yang promotes balance and harmony of all bodily functions.

The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy. Traditional Chinese medicine is a branch of traditional medicine in China. It has been described by the West as fraught with pseudoscience, and the majority of its treatments as having no logical mechanism of action. (Agustin, n.d.).

TCM is thousands of years old and has changed little over the centuries. Its basic concept is that a vital force of life, called Qi, surges through the body. Any imbalance to Qi can cause disease and illness. This imbalance is most commonly thought to be caused by an alteration in the opposite and complementary make up the Qi. These are called yin and yang. Ancient Chinese believed that humans are microcosms of the larger surrounding universe, and are interconnected with nature and subject to its forces. Lao Tzu (510 B.C.) in Daoism says that man should be in harmony with nature. Balance between health and disease is a key concept. TCM treatment seeks to restore this balance through treatment specific to the individual. It is believed that to regain balance, you must achieve the balance between the internal body organs and the external elements of earth, fire, water, wood, and metal. It includes: acupuncture. moxibustion (the burning of herbal leaves on or near the body), cupping (the use of warmed glass jars to create suction on certain points of the body), massage. Herbal remedies. movement and concentration exercises (such as tai chi). (Zhang & Hudtohan, 2021)

The Four Periods of TCM.

The Four Periods of Traditional Chinese Medicine in this section is sourced from Encyclopedia Britannica. The history of TCM was between the 29th century BCE and the 16th century it passed through four major periods. The first, from the 29^th century BCE to 27^th centuries BCE. under the rule of three emperors dominated by age of myths and legends. The events of the next 2,000 years are obscure, but a slow growth of medical knowledge and gradual changes in medical practice can be assumed. The second period was a mixture of legend and fact centered on the career of Bian Qiao (Bian Que)—about whom anecdotal material dates to the first half of the 5th century BCE. The third period was that of the great practitioners, the physicians Zhang Zhongjing and Wang Shuhe and the surgeon Hua Tuo, running from about CE 150 to 300. The individuals and events were real, although legends have grown up around them. (Agustin, n.d.).

The fourth period covered 1,300 years, featuring the compilation of encyclopedic works and the writing of commentaries on earlier authors, produced little that was original. In the second half of the 16th century, tenuous communication began with medical representatives from the West, and the character of Chinese medicine began to change. In addition to the three emperors, as well as physicians such as Bian Qiao, Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, and Wang Shuhe, other individuals made single contributions of substantial importance to Chinese medicine. Ge Hong (3rd century CE), in a handbook of prescriptions for emergencies, gave a clear and detailed description of smallpox. Ge Hong’s achievement came almost six centuries before al-Rāzī (Rhazes), the great Persian physician generally given credit for the first description of this deadly disease. About 700 years after Ge Hong, the practice of inoculation against smallpox grew out of a rather hazy background. Supposedly, inoculation was brought to China by either a spiritual old woman or a holy physician. This individual lived on a mountain and began the practice by using scabs that had been dried, ground into a powder, and inserted into the nostrils. The method spread and cut the mortality rate substantially. (Agustin, n.d.)

In 1644 official rites for worshipping the ancient physicians were instituted at the Qing Hui Palace near the College of Imperial Physicians in Peking (Beijing). These rites were celebrated in the spring and fall for many years. When Portuguese Bishop Belchior Carneiro established Saint Raphael’s Hospital in the 16th century near Guangzhou (Canton), tentative medical communication began between East and West. As Western medicine gradually made deeper inroads in the country, some Chinese people began to believe that everything in Western medicine was scientific and good, and therefore better than the traditional medicine practiced in China. Despite the appearance once again of a physician, Sun Yat-sen, as the ruler of the country, this faith in Western medicine continued to grow at the expense of native medicine. However, in the early 20th century interest in TCM was renewed, and by the late 20th and early 21st centuries, TCM was practiced not only in China but also in countries worldwide. (Agustin, n.d.)

Western views on TCM. Western medical literature gives this warning: “If you are thinking of using TCM, a certified practitioner is your safest choice. The federally recognized Accreditation Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (ACAOM) accredits schools that teach acupuncture and TCM. Many of the states that license acupuncture require graduation from an ACAOM-accredited school. The National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine offers separate certification programs in acupuncture, Chinese herbology, and Oriental bodywork. TCM should not be used as a replacement for conventional or allopathic treatment, especially for serious conditions, but it may be beneficial when used as complementary therapy. Since some TCM herbal medicines can interfere or be toxic when combined with Western medicines, you should inform your doctor if you are using TCM.” (John Hopkins, n.d.).

However, there are quantum physicists like James Ray, Dispensa, and Bluestone who are aligned to the Chinese concept of Qi and the Chinese view of man as a microcosm of the universe. James Ray, a metaphysicist says: James Ray (2006), metaphysicist, has a new concept of God as energy. He says, “Most people define themselves as a finite body, but you are not a finite body. Even under a microscope you’re an energy field. What we know about energy is this. You go to a quantum physicist and you say: What creates the world? And he or she will say: Energy. Well, describe energy. Ok, it can never be destroyed; it always was, always has been, everything that ever existed always exists, it is moving into form, through form and out of form. You go to a theologian and ask the question: What created the Universe? And he or she will say: God. Ok, describe God. Always was and always has bee, never can be created or destroyed, all that ever was always will be, always moving into form, through for and out of form. You see, it’s the same description, just different terminology. So, if you think you’re this meat suit running around, think again. You’re a spiritual being! you’re an energy field, operating in a larger energy field.” (Quoted from Byrne, 2006, p. 158-159).

According to Dr. Dispenza (2016), the ‘old-school’ classical Newtonian version of an atom is focused primarily on the material, whereas “the ‘new-school’ quantum version of an atom with an electron cloud describes the atom as 99.99999 percent energy and .00001 percent matter. (http://iquim.org/spring-back-school-special-2016/). Bluestone observed that “Western and Chinese alchemist had one thing in common…the smallest object of material reality was a reflection of a larger cosmic whole. Monk Basil Valenti the human body was a microcosm of the universe. In the Chinese Tao, everything on earth was a reflection of its divine form.” (Bluestone, p. 62).

A Western writer argues that “We live in an informed universe because of this field, wherein every molecule, atom, thought, and emotion knows itself, where it came from, and what it’s for. We are interconnected and intertwined.” (Atwater, 2005, pp. 187-189).

CONCLUSIONS

Health is the most basic condition of human life, asserted by Emerson, Maslow, Dyck and Neubert, and Hall.
The World Health Organization provides a global perspective on Health Care in relation to the Sustainable Development Goals of humanity.
The ASEAN has been promoting Health Care Services, which provides views on Western medicine and traditional medicine (TM) or complimentary/alternative medicine (CAM)..
The citizens are human resource are the primary agents for the Gross National Product of each nation.
Western medicine through pharmaceutical interventions are globally accepted in curing and maintaining a healthy population.
The protocols of Western medical science is the leader in managing COVID 19 pandemic and its ongoing variants.
Traditional Medicine has had a long history of medical practice in China and other countries like INdoneis, Myanmar, Cambodia, Korea, and Japan.
Traditiona Medicine is readily acceptable in many countries due to its accessibility and it is low cost to avail.
Western scientific perspective has posted a number of negative observations on Traditional Medicine, claiming that empirical studies and evidence be established on the practice of this alternative approach to healthcare.
Quantum physicians like Ray, Dispensa, Bluestone and Attwater narrow the gap between TCM and Western concept of Qi, energy and the universe.

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Dan Zhang (Diane) received her DBA with academic distinction from Jose Rizal University, Manila, Philippines; her MBA from the University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia; her Bachelor Degree from Beijing Foreign Studies University, Beijing, China; and she also studied traditional Chinese philosophy and holds a certificate on Traditional Chinese Medicine at Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China. She was a former HR Manager of Xiamen Xiangyu Group, Xiamen, China. Currently, she is Vice Dean of Taozhu Business School of Zhejiang A&F University. Her papers are published by some international Journals of Science Citation Index (SCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index (CPCI), Engineering Index (EI). She read in English a paper on CSR of Hyundai in the Philippines, authored by Dr. Pil Sang Lee, President and Founder of Ansanhak Research Institute, South Korea at the Business Research Conference, De La Salle Araneta University, Manila. She delivered her paper on Feminine Network Leadership in China at the International Conference at Halu-Oleo University, and was a resource speaker at the Round Table discussion on Partnership for Global Competitiveness of Sulawesi Tenggara University, Kendari, Indonesi

Dr. Emiliano T. Hudtohan was a Research Associate of the Center for Business Research and Development of De La Salle University; he developed training manuals and facilitated the training on Health Care Services and Environment Consumer Protection attended ASEAN member countries. Currently, he teaches at the Philippine Christian University and at the Graduate School of Jose Rizal University; He was management development and training consultant of Metrobank. He was Assistant to the President and Training Director of Malayan Insurance Company. He is Cofounder and Vice President of the International Association of Management and Human Resource Development (IAMHRD) in Indonesia and the Editor-in-Chief of IAMHRD Journal. He is an advisory board member of the Management Journal at OP Jindal University Business Review, India; and Member of Jose Rizal University Guided Research Program, Philippines. He is member of the Board of Trustees of the Benita Catalino Yap Foundation (BCYF), Philippines. His field of interest and expertise is business ethics, aesthetics, spirituality in the workplace and corporate social responsibility. He is an axiologist; he earned his doctorate in values formation, Master’s in character Education, Bachelor of Science in Education and Bachelor of Arts at De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines. He studied human development at the Sangre de Cristo Christian Brothers Center, Sta. Fe, New Mexico, USA.